Projection apparatus for bombardier training apparatus



March 11, 1947. F, A'LY 2,417,354

PROJECTION APPARATUS FOR BOMBARDIER TRAINING APPARATUS Filed 001:. 17, 1945 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 ff Has.

INVENTOR. Gt'OfiGf FDHL r ,m/vEr March 11, 1947. G. F. DALY 2,417,354

PROJECTION APPARATUS FOR BOMBARDIER TRAINING APPARATUS Filed w. 17, 1945 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTOR GEORGE F D/ILY. B

Cam

ATTORNEY Patented Mar. 11, 1947 PROJECTION APPARATUS FOR BOM- BARDIER TRAINING APPARATUS George F. Daly,

Endicott, N. Y., assignor to International Business Machines Corporation, New York, N. Y., a corporation of New York Application October 17, 1945, Serial No. 622,924

6 Claims. (01. 88-24) The present invention relates to projection apparatus which is designed for use in connection with training apparatus for aircraft personnel of the type disclosed in my co-pending application, Serial No. 566,804, filed December 6, 1944, for Apparatus for training bombardiers and other aircraft personnel. This application is a continuation-impart of the application just referred to. I

The above mentioned application discloses a training apparatus for bombardiers wherein the bombardier is confronted with conditions which closely simulate those that occur during actual flying and which are intended to produce proficiency in the art of bombing. This apparatus is in the form of a bombing and dead reckoning trainer which has been designed to duplicate to the utmost degree the flight of an aircraft on an actual bombing mission, while at the same time enabling an instructor to observe the bombardiers reactions and give him valuable advice as to his procedure. The apparatus shown in this copending application includes a bombardiers station, commonly referred to as a mock-up, wherein the bombardier in position with his instruments may view an image of a realistic target which appears to move toward him at a uniform velocity, the target being in the form of a motion picture projected from an overhead projection apparatus onto a screen below the mock-up so that during a bombing run the bombardier may take the necessary sights, make the necessary calculations of altitude, airspeed and the like, manipulate his instruments accordingly and otherwise perform all the necessary duties that would be required of him during an actual bombing run.

The present invention specifically relates to a projection apparatus, herein referred to as a hit projector, this projector being suitably mounted on the framework of the training apparatus and bolted or otherwise secured to the bombardiers mock-up directly below the bombardiers station. The principal functions of the hit projector are to project a pattern of light on the moving target image at the exact location where a bomb or a pattern of bombs wouldhave landed in the case of an actual flight in response to calculations and settings made by the bombardier; to provide a means in the trainer for simulating trail, which is the distance behind the aircraft that a bomb or a pattern of bombs will strike the earth in an actual bombing run; to compensate for the difference in distance between the optical center of the bombsight, as employed in connection with the training apparatus, and its turn center; and to provide the instructor with a means for selecting Various bomb patterns such as would result from the release of bombs from aircraft flying at various altitudesand in various formations.

Briefly, the hit projector comprising the present invention is in the form of a 35-mm. projection unit so modified as to adapt it for its special purpose in the training apparatus. The projector proper is so disposed and is movable relative to the bombardiers station or mock-up so that it may be moved in a fore and aft direction to vary the position of the pattern on the screen under the control of the instructor to simulate trail. The projector is also provided with control mechanism whereby'the instructor may select the desired bomb pattern which it is desired to employ for any particular bomb run. The projection apparatus proper of the hit projector is coupled to the bombsight in the bombardiers mock-up compartment in such a manner that it may be moved in response to manipulations of the bombsightby the bombardier. Means are further provided whereby at the instant of bomb'release in the trainer the projection apparatus proper is locked in a fixed position so that no further turning movement thereof will result even though further manipulations of the bombsight on the part of the bombardier may inadvertently be restored to.

The provision of projection apparatus of the character set forth above being the principal object of the present invention, additional objects and advantages thereof not at this time enumerated will become more readily apparent as the nature of the invention is better understood. In the accompanying two sheets of drawings, forming a part of this specification:

Fig. 1 is a fragmentary, perspective View showing the projection apparatus comprising the present invention operatively installed in a training apparatus of the type shown in my co-pending application above referred to.

Fig. 2 is a fragmentary, perspective view of a portion of the projection apparatus.

Fig. 3 is a side elevational view of the entire projection apparatus. 7

Fig. 4 isv a top plan view of the projection apparatus. I I Fig. 5 is a sectional view taken substantially along the line 5-5 of Fig. 4. Fig 6' is a fragmentary view of a strip of film designed for use in the projection apparatus showing a series of bomb patterns designed for projection by the apparatus and representing bombs released from a single aircraft.

3 In all of the above described views like characters of reference are employed to designate like parts throughout.

now to the drawings in detail and 1, the hit projector assembly is designated in its entirety at 56 and is shown in this figure -in ,full lines. The. remainder of the structure shown in Fig. 1 appears'in dottedlines and represents a fragmentary portion of the bombardiers compartment or mock-up, the latter being designated in its entirety at 43. .Ref-

Referring in particular to Fig.

' erence may be had to my abovementioned copending application for a full disclosure of the training apparatus to which the present hit pro-- point on the screen is designated at a. The bombsight-58 has. associated therewith an arm 62 which is rigidly attached thereto and which in turn iisattached; at its outer end to a vertically extending rodfi i. This latter'trodis adapted to swing with the bombsight as drift is encountered and transmit motion through as-eries of coupling devices, subsequently to be described, to the hit projeater-proper.

- The hit projector assembly 55 (Figs. 1 to 5 .in-

clusive) involves in its general organization a projector proper- 400 which is comprised of a casing 402 adapted toenclose a source of illuminati'on in the form of a lamp Z suitablyv mounted in a brackettilll carried ona basep'late 392.

A lens barrel 404 projects forwardly from the cas ingiflz and serves to'enclose a multiple lens 'S'yS f tern including a series of lenses, of which there arefour in number, including a concavoeconvex condenser lens 304, a pair of plane-convex lenses 395 and an objective lens "308. Also included in the optical system are 'a heat absorbing disc .310 and aperture'g'1asses 3l2. A reflector 3M positi oned behind the lamp Z also includediin the optic l cysteni of the projector. The s'pe cifican rangementof light-transmitting elements -.described above, and which comprises-the optical system of the hit projector, is more'or :lessconventional in its design and-no claim is made here, in to any novelty associatedwith the samefithe novelty of-the presentinvention residing rather in the specific mounting for the hitlprojectonsits association withthe training apparatus .ofixmy co-pending application and'the manner in which it is thus emp'loyed. a

i A bracket 399 is suitably =secured;;-a.s for example, by means'of clamping members AOL-to the lens barrel 4M and isp-rovided withaanrinclined portion 483 on which theremounted arnirror M which is positioned to intersect: the optical center line of thelenssystemipreviously described so that a beam or light. issuing; from the objective lens 308 will be deflected downwardly onto the projection screen- 5 1 endless film; F: is adapted to be utilized by the projector-Alli) to project a series ol'bombpatterns-onto. the target image on'the screened Atypical film that-may bexemplo'yed is illustrated in Fig.6.. ,This film is endless-and: includes a series :orirames f, e c embodying a :difierentibomb pattern. The particular film'shown mayvbe f. the :,35-mm-.---1 YP5- Various frames tor the him are adapted tobesethe, ear 434, there, is secured a coupling member 440., is loosely. mountedscn 'tance. from the. p

. 4 lected at the will of the operator for projection onto the target screen. The selecting mechanism of the projector, whereby different frames or sections of film representing different bomb patterns, is controlled through a flexible cable Mlfi leading to a pattern selector crank included in the .instructorfs set-up. panel; .as illustrated and described m myabovc m'entioned-co-pending application. The specific nature of the film moving and. frame selecting mechanism employed herein forms .no part of the present invention and no claim is made to any novelty associated with the same. J;'The projector. :proper bracket-4H} attached to a dim i mounted in a slidable plate M2 which is longitudinally shiftable in a channel-shaped which, therefore, permits moved in a fore and aft'direcframe memberAM and the projector to be tion. A lead screw M5 mounted in. lugs til passes through an ear M8 formed in the plate H2 and the'fore andaft position of the plate, andconsequently. of the, whole. projector assemblyproper, iscontrolled by means of a'flexible cableZEl leading. to an instructors trail set crank, not shown herein butiilhistrated in my said 'co-pendin'g application. Thus the instructor, by manipulating the'crank according to his determination cured in any suitable mannerto the underneath. side of the bombardiers compartment 48. ,.As actually constructed, the bombsight telescopesight line, or in-o-ther'words, the optical center or the 'bombsight, theiturn center of the ,bombsight. In actual practice, when the aircraftis in flight during a bombing run this distance is totallyinsignificant.

l-Iowever, in the trainer, because of the .fact that the .;bombsight is located a relatively short disane of the target screen,.:the distance-between the optical center and the turn center of the bombsight must be given due consideration. Accordingly, the length-of the swing,- ing arms 424,-:between the two pivotalpoints thereof corresponds totheoff'setidistancebetween the turn center andtthe optical center ofthe bombsight; "In Fig. 1 thetopticalcenter, orrin other words, the ,point at which the bombsight telescope sight line intersects the target image, is zdesignated at b. and the distance from the point ato the point b correspondsto the. length of the links 424. Therbracket llll has ,formed thereon an extensimian including a .pair of .Jears 432 and 435mspectively, which serve to zsupportgtherebetween a. :pivot, pin A36 .to the upper .ndof, which, above 11:138.,v A swin ing arm the pin 4316 andprojects outwardly therefrom v10ctween thetwoearsfifl ,andflM and has. formed on ,outer end an upstanding {pin -M2. N .This arm has pivoted thereto .in the medial regions thereof one -.end -of,.,a link 1,, 118 Otherend of which is pivota-lly connected to an arm-448cccured. to, one of the arms. or hinges 424. Thus it will be-seen that uponswinging movement of the arm M10 in one direction or, the; other, swinging motion. .will be transmitted through :the link Mr; and arm "440 to the entire projector-assembly; A

pair ofi-outwardly-extendingarms or scissor memof the proper degree of tra'l for the particular problem is offset a slightdistance from her 456 and 452 are loosely disposed on the pin 436, project outwardly therefrom, and are provided withdownwardly extending abutment portions 454 designed to straddle the pin 442 and bear inwardly thereagainst on opposite sides thereof by virtue of a tension spring 456, the opposite ends of which are connected to the scissor arms and tend to draw the same together, Since the arm 446 and two scissor members 450 and 452 are all loosely mounted on the pin, these members are normally capable of swinging laterally in either direction as a unit when torque is applied thereto. The ends of the scissor members 450 and 452 are spaced apart and serve to receive therebetween the downwardly turned end 458 of a driver arm 460 which is anchored to the pin 436.

It will be seen, therefore, from the above description of parts that because the coupling member 438 and driver arm 466 are the only tWo elements of the combination just described that are anchored to the pin 436, torque applied to the lower coupling member in either direction will serve to swing the entire scissors arrangement bodily in one direction or the other.

A solenoid 464 secured to the bracket M is provided with a movable core 466, the lower end of which is connected to a toggle joint 468, one end of which is anchored to a stationary portion of the bracket and the other end of which is connected to a thrust member 410 which is connected at one end to a brake shoe 412 designed for cooperation with a swinging brake element 474 which moves in unison with one of the arms 424. Upon energization of the solenoid 454, the core 466 thereof is adapted to be drawn upwardly to actuate the toggle joint 458 and cause the brake shoe 412 to engage the brake element 414 and prevent swinging movement thereof. It will be seen that such locking of the brake element 474 will, by virtue of its rigid connection to the arm 424, lock the entire projector carriage against further movement in either direction.

The coupling member 438 has associated therewith a counterpart coupling member 486 mounted on a shaft 482, the upperend of which is journaled in a bracket 484 and secured to a laterally extending arm 486, the free end of which is connected to the previously mentioned vertically extending rod 64 (see also Fig. 1) attached to the outer end of the arm 62 which in turn is secured to and turns with the bombsight mechanism 58. This latter shaft is adapted to swing with the bombsight as drift is encountered in the training apparatus, thus transmitting motion through the coupling member 438, 480, to the scissors assembly to cause the projector assembly 460 to be moved in an arcuate path, as previously described.

In the training apparatus, means are provided for energizing the solenoid 464 at the time of bomb release and thus it will be seen that after the bombs are released, turning movement of the bombsight on the part of the bombardier will have no effect on the hit projector inasmuch as such turning movement will merely serve to cause one orthe other of the two scissors members 450 or 452, as the case may be, to swing away from the pin 442 without disturbing the setting of the hit projector. Upon manual release of the bombsight, the action of the spring 456 will be to restore the two scissor members to their normal positions wherein the two abutment portions 454 thereof engage the pin 442 on opposite sides of the latter.

While there have been shown and described and pointed out the fundamental novel features of the invention as applied to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the form and details of the apparatus illustrated and in its operation may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. It is the intention, therefore, to be limited only as indicated by the scope of the follow ing claims.

What is claimed is:

1. Projection apparatus of the character described comprising a, support, a frame member, a photographic projector mounted on said support and movable therewith, a pair of parallel connecting arms of equal length each having one end pivoted to the support and the other end pivoted to the frame whereby the latter is mounted for swinging movement while maintaining the same directional orientation, an arm secured to one of said connecting arms and projecting outwardly therefrom, a link having one end pivoted to the free end of said arm, a floating arm mounted for swing movement about an axis, the other end of said link being pivoted to said floating arm, a driving arm mounted for swinging movement about said axis, a yielding lost motion connection between said driving arm and floating arm, means for locking said frame member against swinging movement, and means for moving said driving arm.

2. Projection apparatus of the character described comprising a support, a frame member, a photographic projector mounted on said support and movable therewith, a pair of parallel connecting arms of equal length each having one end pivoted to the support and the other end pivoted to the frame whereby the latter is mounted for swinging movement while maintaining the same directional orientation, an arm secured to one of said connecting arms and projecting outwardly therefrom, a link having one end pivoted to the free end of said arm, a floating arm mounted for swinging movement about an axis, the'other end of said link being pivoted to said floating arm, a driving arm mounted for swinging movement about said axis, a yielding lost motion connection between said driving arm and floating arm, electromagnetically operable means for locking said frame member against swinging movement, and means for moving said driving arm.

3. Projection apparatus of the character described comprising a support, a frame member, a photographic projector mounted on said support and movable therewith, a pair of parallel connecting arms of equal length each having one end pivoted to the support and the other end pivoted to the frame whereby the latter is mounted for swinging movement while maintaining the same directional orientation, an arm secured to one of said connecting arms and projecting outwardly therefrom, a link having one end pivoted to the free end of said arm, a floating arm mounted for swinging movement about an axis, the other end of said link being pivoted to said floating arm, a driving arm mounted for swinging movement about said axis, a yielding lost motion connection between said driving arm and floating arm, a brake element fixedly secured to the other of said connecting arms, a cooperating brake shoe for said brake element, means for actuating said brake shoe, and means for moving said driving arm.

4. Projection apparatus of the character descrlbedicomprising asupport, a frame'member, a photographic projector mounted on said support and movable therewith, a pair of parallel connecting arms of equal length each having one end pivoted to the support and the other end pivoted to the frame whereby the latter is mounted for swinging movement while maintaining the same directional orientation, an arm secured to one of said connecting arms and projecting outwardly therefrom, a link having one end pivoted to the free end of said arm, a floating arm mounted for swinging movement about an axis, the other end of said link being pivoted to said floating arm, a driving arm mounted for swinging movement about said axis, a yielding lost motion connection between said driving arm and floating arm, a brake element fixedly secured to the other of said connecting arms, a cooperating brake shoe for said brake element, an electromagnet for actuating said brake shoe to cause the same to engage, said brake element and lock said frame member against swinging movement, and means for moving said driving arm.

5. Projection apparatus of the character described comprising a support, a frame member, a photographic projector adjustably mounted on said support and movable bodily therewith, means for adjusting the position of said projector relative to the support, a pair of parallel connecting arms of equal length each having one end pivoted to the support and the other end pivoted to the frame member whereby the latter is mounted for swinging movement while maintaining the same directionalorie'ntation, an arm secured to one. of said connecting arms and projecting outwardly therefrom, a link having one end piveted to theflfree end of said arm, a floating arm mounted for swinging movement about an axis, the other end of said link being pivoted to said floating arm, a driving arm mounted for swinging movement about said axis, a yielding lost motion connection-between said'drivingarm and floating arm, means for locking said frame member against swinging movement, and means for moving said driving arm. 6. Projection apparatusof the character described comprising a support, a framemember, a photographic projector mounted on said support and movable therewith, a pair of parallel connecting arms of equal length each having one end pivoted to the support and the other end pivoted to the frame whereby the latter ismounted for swinging movement while -maintaining the same directional orientation, an arm secured to one of said connecting arms andprojecting outwardly therefrom, a link havingone end ivoted to the free end of said arm, a float:- ing arm mounted for swinging movement about an axis, the other end of saidlink being pivoted to said heating arm, a driving arm mounted for swinging movement about said axis, a yielding lost motion connection between said driving arm and floating arm, a brake element fixedly secured to the other of said connectingarms, acooperating brake shoefor said brake element, a thrust member connected to said brake shoe, a toggle joint for actuating said thrust member, electromagnetic means for actuating said toggle joint, and means for moving said driving arm.

. I GEORGE F. DALY.

REFERENCES CITED 7 The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Hartness Mar. 5, 1929 

